Ofcom has dismissed claims by a group of MPs that the 9pm watershed is failing to protect young children because they can now access television online.
Giving evidence at a culture, media and sport committee hearing today, the Ofcom chief executive, Ed Richards, denied the regulator had put itself in an "impossible and absurd position" by not doing more to regulate objectionable content on the web.
Richards was responding to claims made by Nigel Evans, the Ribble Valley conservative MP, who argued that Ofcom's powers over broadcasting should be more rigorously applied to internet content.
"It's important to remember that the watershed isn't dead," Richards said.
"Despite the internet, television remains remarkably resilient as a medium. The watershed is still a very important and I think it will remain so for several years."
The cross-party group of MPs raised concerns about services such as the BBC iPlayer, which make it possible for anyone to view post-watershed content at any time of the day.
The Ofcom partner for content and standards, Stuart Purvis, said a lot of the responsibility rested with parents to make sure their children were not watching inappropriate material.
"If you look at the iPlayer, it immediately asks you if you are over 16," Purvis said.
"The question that arises is: Are children going to understand that or are they going to override it?"
He added that new technology had "in a sense disadvantaged parents" who might not necessarily know how to use access locks to protect children from post-watershed content.
However, both Purvis and Richards dismissed suggestions that it was the role of Ofcom on its own to encourage parents to become more aware of their children's online activities.
"We are definitely not the right body to deliver a mass campaign to promote media literacy," Richards said.
"We are not qualified enough to do it. We don't have the skills to do it. I think somebody does have to do that, but it's not the duty of Ofcom.
"That sort of mass campaign to bring parents understanding of literacy issues is not appropriate for us."
Asked by the panel whether he would allow a 10-year-old to watch Channel 4 drama Shameless, Richards replied: "Parents have got to make that judgment. These are matters for parents.
"The issue for us is: Is it in the right place in the schedule? I think it is."
Richards also told MPs that Ofcom would be willing to cooperate if police decided to launch an investigation into ITV's premium-rate phone abuses, but he said the regulator had not yet been approached to provide evidence.
Ofcom's appearance before the culture, media and sport committee comes after the publication of a report by Dr Tanya Byron in March on how to protect children on the internet.
Among the key recommendations was the introduction of a national strategy for child internet safety, which involves a self-regulatory approach to internet content.
The Byron report also called for better provision of information to families, after it concluded that there was a "generational digital divide", which meant parents did not feel equipped to protect their children online.
Tuesday, 13 May 2008
Sunday, 4 May 2008
Guardian Story..*
US releases al-Jazeera cameraman
An al-Jazeera cameraman detained by American forces in Afghanistan was last night released after spending nearly six years imprisoned without charge at Guantánamo Bay.
Sami al-Haj, 39, was arrested on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan on December 15 2001, while on assignment to cover the war against the Taliban. Although he had a valid visa to work in Afghanistan, US intelligence alleged that he was an al-Qaida operative, and he was transferred to Guantánamo in June 2002.
Last night, his lawyer, Clive Stafford Smith, said Haj was en route to his home in Sudan to be reunited with his wife and son. He said: "I'm very glad Sami has finally been released, but the question is why he wasn't freed many years ago."
The US military alleged that Haj had secretly interviewed Osama bin Laden, smuggled guns for al-Qaida and worked as a financial courier for Chechen rebels. But the evidence against him was never revealed, and he was never charged.
Prior to his release, Haj had been on hunger strike since January 2007, and was forced to undergo "assisted feeding" via a tube through his nose. According to Stafford Smith, he was suicidal and had throat cancer, but camp authorities withheld medical treatment. "We are very concerned about him, because he has been under a tremendous amount of stress and has been on hunger strike for 480 days. He has asked to be taken straight to a hospital in Khartoum," Stafford Smith said.
In exchange for Haj's release, the Sudanese government has agreed to ban him from working as a journalist or leaving Sudan, according to Reporters Without Borders.
Robert Ménard, secretary general of Reporters Without Borders, said: "Sami al-Haj should never have been held so long. US authorities never proved that he had been involved in any criminal activity."
Haj's case was one of number involving journalists captured by US forces while reporting from war zones. Two weeks ago US forces in Iraq released Bilal Hussein, a photographer from the Associated Press news agency, who was detained in Ramadi in April 2006.
Commentators in the Middle East viewed Haj's imprisonment as a proxy punishment for al-Jazeera, whose broadcasts have angered US officials.
When the BBC reporter Alan Johnston was kidnapped in Gaza, Haj appealed for his release. Johnston in turn, called on the US authorities to free Haj. But Stafford Smith said much of the western media had been slow to take up Haj's case.
A spokesman for the Pentagon refused to comment on the case.
Tuesday, 29 April 2008
ITV's £4m fine 'a bit of a result'
ITV's anticipated record £4m fine is a "bit of a result" for the broadcaster - and executive chairman Michael Grade handled the controversy well, media and industry analysts say.
The fine - for a string of viewer deceptions surrounding phone-ins on programmes including Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway - was well below the £70m maximum from regulator Ofcom and lower than many had anticipated.
Grade's swift move to appoint Deloitte to conduct an internal review of programming and promising to spend £18m on compensation and other remedies has been seen as key to the relatively small punishment.
"Compare the size of GMTV and ITV and outwardly financially it is probably a bit of a result," said Jim Marshall, the chairman of Starcom UK. "But the ruling has to take into account the way it was handled.
"Michael Grade handled it well in accepting responsibility, getting ITV's house in order and there was a feeling that most of the problem was under the previous regime. I expect that Ofcom want to draw a line under this and move on."
Other analysts said the fine was small in the context of ITV's revenues - about £265m in pre-tax profits in 2007.
"You are talking about a company that makes hundreds of millions in pre-tax profits so £4m is neither here nor there," says Alex DeGroote, a media analyst at Panmure.
Despite the fine being far below the maximum available to Ofcom, in the wider context of breaches of the broadcast code the fine is still likely to be double the previous record levied against GMTV.
"It does feel like it could have been much worse but it is still a significant amount of money," said Richard Oliver, managing partner at media agency Universal McCann.
"If ITV's TV revenue dropped by £4m in a month that would be a big deal and such a sum can't be dismissed easily.
"It seems like a reasonable result all round, sending a suitably strong message - but it isn't crippling either."
Beyond the value of the fine, the industry will examine how damning Ofcom's ruling is against the broadcaster and its operations. Previous rulings have included forcing broadcasters to make several on-air apologies.
"It would send out the wrong signals to hammer them [with a huge fine]. Ofcom has to take everything in the round," says DeGroote.
"A punitive fine would not have served a good purpose in light of ITV's low share price, poor morale in general and an unhealthy advertising outlook. Ofcom has to take a broader view and been sensible in its decisions."
The fine - for a string of viewer deceptions surrounding phone-ins on programmes including Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway - was well below the £70m maximum from regulator Ofcom and lower than many had anticipated.
Grade's swift move to appoint Deloitte to conduct an internal review of programming and promising to spend £18m on compensation and other remedies has been seen as key to the relatively small punishment.
"Compare the size of GMTV and ITV and outwardly financially it is probably a bit of a result," said Jim Marshall, the chairman of Starcom UK. "But the ruling has to take into account the way it was handled.
"Michael Grade handled it well in accepting responsibility, getting ITV's house in order and there was a feeling that most of the problem was under the previous regime. I expect that Ofcom want to draw a line under this and move on."
Other analysts said the fine was small in the context of ITV's revenues - about £265m in pre-tax profits in 2007.
"You are talking about a company that makes hundreds of millions in pre-tax profits so £4m is neither here nor there," says Alex DeGroote, a media analyst at Panmure.
Despite the fine being far below the maximum available to Ofcom, in the wider context of breaches of the broadcast code the fine is still likely to be double the previous record levied against GMTV.
"It does feel like it could have been much worse but it is still a significant amount of money," said Richard Oliver, managing partner at media agency Universal McCann.
"If ITV's TV revenue dropped by £4m in a month that would be a big deal and such a sum can't be dismissed easily.
"It seems like a reasonable result all round, sending a suitably strong message - but it isn't crippling either."
Beyond the value of the fine, the industry will examine how damning Ofcom's ruling is against the broadcaster and its operations. Previous rulings have included forcing broadcasters to make several on-air apologies.
"It would send out the wrong signals to hammer them [with a huge fine]. Ofcom has to take everything in the round," says DeGroote.
"A punitive fine would not have served a good purpose in light of ITV's low share price, poor morale in general and an unhealthy advertising outlook. Ofcom has to take a broader view and been sensible in its decisions."
SUN HOMEPAGE
Form and function – inform audiences of current stories. Attract an online audience as print is in decline. The website attracts advertisers so therefore the newspaper still gets money, even if the website is free and print sales being under threat.
Bold colours, typical of the sun – red and white.
Typical audience is C, D; However the Sun is highly read so upper classes are likely to read it but not to gain all their news from it.
Celebrity based stories shows what the audience expects of the newspaper.
BBC NEWS REPORT
Form and function – inform the audience of what is going on internationally, fulfilling the channels educative function.
Although the BBC has the purpose to provide for everyone it is likely this piece of news will be aimed at those interested in international politics and those generally more informed in such matters. The audience can be assumed to be educated as the event centres on a demand for a democratic reform so therefore they would be required to understand all this as well as the communist state of China.
Gaining first hands news and footage.
THEORIES/ISSUES AND DEBATES
Mulvey – representation of women, Sun’s Page 3.
Moral Panic – The Sun is known to sensationalise stories for example those about terrorism, to gain a greater audience reaction.
Cult of the Celebrity – soft news which is a key part of the Sun.
Galtung & Ruge – news values and its appeal to the audience.
Gatekeepers – The Sun’s editors pick stories which are usually national whereas the BBC picks stories which are making global headlines reflecting their audiences need for greater knowledge.
Adorno – dumbing down can be used in reference to the Sun.
Text one is the sun homepage which is aimed at an online audience to give them the daily news, text two is a BBC report about the Tiananmen Square massacre which took place in china, the purpose of this text is again to provide news as well as inform and educate the audience on the situation.
The Sun is a conglomerate owned business run by Rupert Murdoch. So therefore could contain some of his beliefs hence being a hegemonic paper, the homepage is also from 2008 so therefore has been affected by vast changes within the media and the technology it uses. The BBC however is a government owned channel which is meant to remain neutral and provide a balanced argument, the text provided is dated from 1989 so could be affected by fewer resources and developments during that time.
The BBC report is a piece of hard news which focuses on politics and an international event. The event in china took place due to a demand for democracy, the fact that the BBC chose a piece like this could be a reflection of their audience, and their relation to living in a democratic state and assuming it is right. Unlike the red top newspapers such as the Sun, the BBC covers hard international news which allows us to make the assumption that this is what their audience demands and has knowledge about. From a political report like this we can assume the audience for this particular story are likely to be more educated and aware of the situation in China, therefore of a social standing of C1 and up.
The Sun page however, does not carry much in the way of international politics and contains more home grown stories and celebrities. An article advertised on the homepage about terrorist plots within England shows the current situation the world is in with the threat of terror increasing since the events of 9/11. The newspaper sensationalizes the story and gives the audience another reason to continue living in a state of fear, in a “moral panic” as described by Cohen. A lot of the news in the Sun is soft news and covers stories about celebrities and television channels. The Sun is a good example of the recent phenomenon in celebrity soft news coverage and shows the extent of this “cult of the celebrity”. With the gatekeepers of a newspaper such as the Sun which reaches millions on a daily basis, as well as providing an online page, shows the ideologies and values that they and the audience are likely to carry. The “white van man” is not interested in international events and just requires the basic, maybe even “dumbed down” (Adorno) news about what’s going on in the country and some celebrity gossip for entertainment. Hence the audience for the Sun is assumed to be from social group C2 and lower.
The Sun homepage contains a completely separate section for women entitled “Woman” with sections about “sex and love”, “beauty” and “fashion” assuming that a female audience which reads the Sun must only be interested in this, not the actual news which is covered on the homepage. The title of “Woman” sounds so harsh, and as if the paper is throwing a female audience to the side, even if the title was “Women” it would still give a more appeal to it, as well as only containing superficial articles for the female audience shows that this newspaper is aimed at predominately men, which is proven by the fairly controversial page 3, which completely objectifies women and proves that females are solely there for the pleasure of the “male gaze”. Women are often placed in demeaning positions by the paper as many articles are about scantily clad women at the beach, in the paper, in adverts etc. and this seems to be the only role women seem to play in the newspaper. They are there to be objectified and to be stared at, nothing more. Again playing up to the newspapers “white van man” audience.
In contrast, the BBC report is by a woman, showing a more equal representation of women by the BBC and showing women and not an object but are educated and intelligent career women. This shows that the BBC audience do not expect women to be constantly objectified and show them in a more equal role. Also seeing as the two texts are from different time periods, it could be considered interesting that the BBC during the 1980s chose a female to cover such an important international story rather than a man, seeing as women were fewer on screen as shown by studies carried out by Gunter. Whereas, a modern day newspaper still continues to show women in such undignified roles, however by now it could be considered almost a tradition and be part of the male back lash to gain control over the audience and their values.
Form and function – inform audiences of current stories. Attract an online audience as print is in decline. The website attracts advertisers so therefore the newspaper still gets money, even if the website is free and print sales being under threat.
Bold colours, typical of the sun – red and white.
Typical audience is C, D; However the Sun is highly read so upper classes are likely to read it but not to gain all their news from it.
Celebrity based stories shows what the audience expects of the newspaper.
BBC NEWS REPORT
Form and function – inform the audience of what is going on internationally, fulfilling the channels educative function.
Although the BBC has the purpose to provide for everyone it is likely this piece of news will be aimed at those interested in international politics and those generally more informed in such matters. The audience can be assumed to be educated as the event centres on a demand for a democratic reform so therefore they would be required to understand all this as well as the communist state of China.
Gaining first hands news and footage.
THEORIES/ISSUES AND DEBATES
Mulvey – representation of women, Sun’s Page 3.
Moral Panic – The Sun is known to sensationalise stories for example those about terrorism, to gain a greater audience reaction.
Cult of the Celebrity – soft news which is a key part of the Sun.
Galtung & Ruge – news values and its appeal to the audience.
Gatekeepers – The Sun’s editors pick stories which are usually national whereas the BBC picks stories which are making global headlines reflecting their audiences need for greater knowledge.
Adorno – dumbing down can be used in reference to the Sun.
Text one is the sun homepage which is aimed at an online audience to give them the daily news, text two is a BBC report about the Tiananmen Square massacre which took place in china, the purpose of this text is again to provide news as well as inform and educate the audience on the situation.
The Sun is a conglomerate owned business run by Rupert Murdoch. So therefore could contain some of his beliefs hence being a hegemonic paper, the homepage is also from 2008 so therefore has been affected by vast changes within the media and the technology it uses. The BBC however is a government owned channel which is meant to remain neutral and provide a balanced argument, the text provided is dated from 1989 so could be affected by fewer resources and developments during that time.
The BBC report is a piece of hard news which focuses on politics and an international event. The event in china took place due to a demand for democracy, the fact that the BBC chose a piece like this could be a reflection of their audience, and their relation to living in a democratic state and assuming it is right. Unlike the red top newspapers such as the Sun, the BBC covers hard international news which allows us to make the assumption that this is what their audience demands and has knowledge about. From a political report like this we can assume the audience for this particular story are likely to be more educated and aware of the situation in China, therefore of a social standing of C1 and up.
The Sun page however, does not carry much in the way of international politics and contains more home grown stories and celebrities. An article advertised on the homepage about terrorist plots within England shows the current situation the world is in with the threat of terror increasing since the events of 9/11. The newspaper sensationalizes the story and gives the audience another reason to continue living in a state of fear, in a “moral panic” as described by Cohen. A lot of the news in the Sun is soft news and covers stories about celebrities and television channels. The Sun is a good example of the recent phenomenon in celebrity soft news coverage and shows the extent of this “cult of the celebrity”. With the gatekeepers of a newspaper such as the Sun which reaches millions on a daily basis, as well as providing an online page, shows the ideologies and values that they and the audience are likely to carry. The “white van man” is not interested in international events and just requires the basic, maybe even “dumbed down” (Adorno) news about what’s going on in the country and some celebrity gossip for entertainment. Hence the audience for the Sun is assumed to be from social group C2 and lower.
The Sun homepage contains a completely separate section for women entitled “Woman” with sections about “sex and love”, “beauty” and “fashion” assuming that a female audience which reads the Sun must only be interested in this, not the actual news which is covered on the homepage. The title of “Woman” sounds so harsh, and as if the paper is throwing a female audience to the side, even if the title was “Women” it would still give a more appeal to it, as well as only containing superficial articles for the female audience shows that this newspaper is aimed at predominately men, which is proven by the fairly controversial page 3, which completely objectifies women and proves that females are solely there for the pleasure of the “male gaze”. Women are often placed in demeaning positions by the paper as many articles are about scantily clad women at the beach, in the paper, in adverts etc. and this seems to be the only role women seem to play in the newspaper. They are there to be objectified and to be stared at, nothing more. Again playing up to the newspapers “white van man” audience.
In contrast, the BBC report is by a woman, showing a more equal representation of women by the BBC and showing women and not an object but are educated and intelligent career women. This shows that the BBC audience do not expect women to be constantly objectified and show them in a more equal role. Also seeing as the two texts are from different time periods, it could be considered interesting that the BBC during the 1980s chose a female to cover such an important international story rather than a man, seeing as women were fewer on screen as shown by studies carried out by Gunter. Whereas, a modern day newspaper still continues to show women in such undignified roles, however by now it could be considered almost a tradition and be part of the male back lash to gain control over the audience and their values.
Tuesday, 22 April 2008
ITV to sell classic shows on iTunes
ITV is to make a range of classic programmes including Brideshead Revisited and Inspector Morse available for sale through iTunes.
The deal, which will be the first time that ITV has made TV shows available for sale via a third-party website, will see more than 260 hours of archive shows made available via Apple's iTunes UK store.
ITV shows available on the iTunes service from today include Lewis, Cold Feet, Brideshead Revisited, Goodnight Mr Tom, and Gerry Anderson's puppet classic Captain Scarlet.
Later this year ITV will make shows including Inspector Morse, The Prisoner, The Saint and adaptations of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey and Emma available via iTunes.
The shows will be priced at from £1.89p per episode and fans will be able to download complete series.
ITV is not making current programmes or series available.
"ITV has thousands of hours of classic content in the archive which we are bringing to a whole new audience via iTunes," said Dawn Airey, managing director of ITV global content.
"Our strategy is to deliver 360-degree value for our content on multiple platforms, and in multiple territories, and our partnership with Apple is a demonstration that we are delivering on that strategy."
The deal was brokered by Granada Ventures, which has previously made more than 300 films from the ITV DVD catalogue available via movie download services such as filmon.com, lovefilm.com and vizumi.com.
ITV streams its programming live via ITV.com and offers a catch-up TV service.
The broadcaster's shows are also being made available via an ad-funded service on youth-targeted social networking website Bebo.
The deal, which will be the first time that ITV has made TV shows available for sale via a third-party website, will see more than 260 hours of archive shows made available via Apple's iTunes UK store.
ITV shows available on the iTunes service from today include Lewis, Cold Feet, Brideshead Revisited, Goodnight Mr Tom, and Gerry Anderson's puppet classic Captain Scarlet.
Later this year ITV will make shows including Inspector Morse, The Prisoner, The Saint and adaptations of Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey and Emma available via iTunes.
The shows will be priced at from £1.89p per episode and fans will be able to download complete series.
ITV is not making current programmes or series available.
"ITV has thousands of hours of classic content in the archive which we are bringing to a whole new audience via iTunes," said Dawn Airey, managing director of ITV global content.
"Our strategy is to deliver 360-degree value for our content on multiple platforms, and in multiple territories, and our partnership with Apple is a demonstration that we are delivering on that strategy."
The deal was brokered by Granada Ventures, which has previously made more than 300 films from the ITV DVD catalogue available via movie download services such as filmon.com, lovefilm.com and vizumi.com.
ITV streams its programming live via ITV.com and offers a catch-up TV service.
The broadcaster's shows are also being made available via an ad-funded service on youth-targeted social networking website Bebo.
Sunday, 13 April 2008
1950s
4th January 1951 - TV cameras allowed in 10 Downing Street - encouraging political views
15th February 1952 - Funeral of King George broadcasted on TV shared with mass audience, established a tradition of royal television events
25 June 1950 - Korean War begins
26 October 1950 - First broadcast from the House of Commons
25 June 1951 – CBS transmits first colour programme
13th June 1952 - programme for children with impaired hearing
7th Feb. 1952 – first interlude programming introduced for when a show breaks down or under ran.
2nd June 1953 - Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II – definitive event in the evolution of British television
18 July 1953 – quatermass experiment first British sci fi programme, mass audiences.
11 November 1953 – panorama began
11 January 1954 - first in vision weatherman
5th July 1954 - first transmission of Newsreel
Television act 1954 becomes law – introduction of commercial television is given royal assent.
2nd April 1954 - the Grove family - first Soap opera, tried to convey a social representation of the country at that time.1/4 of the U.K's population tuned into this programme.
17th February 1955 - Kitchen magic – Fanny Craddock’s gourmet cooking show.
22 September 1955 – ITV began broadcasting, independent television channel.
1 July 1955 – Montgomery bus boycott – Rosa parks, helped set in motion the US civil rights movement
27th April 1956 - First Ministerial broadcast Anthony Eden
24 May 1956 – first Eurovision
19 February 1957 - first medical drama – first appointment at emergency ward 10.
9th January 1957 - Anthony Eden resigns as prime minister after the Suez crisis
16 October 1958 - first blue peter show broadcasted
2nd April 1958 - People in trouble - programme which focused on social issues within real people's lives, mixed marriages, and unmarried mothers
4 April 1958 - The first CND protests (campaign for nuclear disarmament)
14th June 1958 - black and white minstrel show - now seen as highly racist. However it was extremely popular at that time.
21 march 1959 - Whickers world globe trotting show opening one of the first windows on the world for the British audience
1960s
9th December 1960 - Coronation Street launch. Now the longest running soap drama
25th December 1960 - queen pre-records her first Christmas message, it used to be live.
9 November 1960 - Kennedy elected president, youngest and first Roman Catholic to hold the office
12th April 1961-- first man to go into space Yuri Gagarin
1960 - Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho becomes one of the year’s most successful films
29 April 1961 - ITV goes regional
1st October 1961 - songs of praise first broadcast (religious views) 5th August 1962 - Marilyn Monroe found dead24th September 1962 - university challenge (educational programme) 22nd November 1963 - JFK assassinated1 January 1964 - first top of the pops aired
20th April 1964 - launch of BBC 2, disrupted by power failure.12th June 1964 - nelson Mandela sentenced22nd august 1964 - match of the day launch24th January 1965 - Winston Churchill funeral broadcasted on BBC and ITV
12 June 1965 - Kenneth Tynan swears on a live BBC show, sparked major debate and one mp called for him to be hung.
3rd July 1967 - news at ten extended news on for 1/2 hour on ITV with 2 news casters, adopting a US style
20th July 1969 - Neil Armstrong first man to walk on the moon, broadcasted to millions
9 Feb. 1970 - Doomwatch, environmental science programmed, which lead to debates in parliament
1970s
15 Feb. 1971 - Britain adopts the decimal system
2 October 1971 - generation game begins most watched game show in history and had 23.9 million viewers
30 January 1972 - Bloody Sunday – peaceful civil rights march in Derry descends into chaos, British paratroopers open fire
4 April 1972 - Newsround begins
8 Jan 1973 - Watergate scandal
17 December 1975 - the naked civil servant discussed the persecution of a homosexual, defining moment in the presentation of homosexuals.
8 April 1977 - BBC airs Roots, about the slavery of African Americans, these kind of historical dramas were a signature of 1970s programming.
4 January 1978 - the south bank show, which examined cultural changes.
3 may 1979 - Margaret Thatcher came to power
25 September 1979 - question time began, gave the public the opportunity to question politicians.
2 September 1979 - subtitling began
1980s
30 august 1980 - first time television acknowledged female police officers
21 November 1980 - Children in need, first British telethon
25 November 1981 - Brixton and Toxeth race riots
2 April 1982 - Falkland’s war
2 November 1982 - channel 4 launches
5 march 1984 - miners strike
19 February 1985 - Eastenders first aired
26 February 1987 - women priests accepted in the Church of England.
15 January 1988 - this morning, Britain’s most popular morning show.
5 January 1989 - Desmonds broadcasted on channel 4, shows its multicultural nature
5 February 1989 - sky launches the UK’s first satellite television service
9 November 1989 - Berlin wall comes down
22 November 1990 - Thatcher steps down
30 march 1997 - channel 5 launches
9 November 1997 - news 24 launches
7 December 1998 - ITV 2 launches
23 February 1999 - channel 4 broadcasts queer as folk, deals with gays exclusively.
21 September 1999 - walking with dinosaurs, most costly science BBC programme
2 November 1999 - house of commons is televised
2000s
13 November 2000 - George w bush elected president
11 September 2001 - terrorist attacks
20 November 2002 - channel 4 airs a live autopsy
20 March 2003 - USA enters Iraq
28 January 2004 - Hutton inquiry
26 December 2004 - tsunami
30 January 2005 - Iraqi elections
February 2005 - youtube launched
7 July 2005 - London bomb attacks
30 September 2005 - Danish cartoons published depicting the prophet Muhammad (pbuh), causing much controversy
4th January 1951 - TV cameras allowed in 10 Downing Street - encouraging political views
15th February 1952 - Funeral of King George broadcasted on TV shared with mass audience, established a tradition of royal television events
25 June 1950 - Korean War begins
26 October 1950 - First broadcast from the House of Commons
25 June 1951 – CBS transmits first colour programme
13th June 1952 - programme for children with impaired hearing
7th Feb. 1952 – first interlude programming introduced for when a show breaks down or under ran.
2nd June 1953 - Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II – definitive event in the evolution of British television
18 July 1953 – quatermass experiment first British sci fi programme, mass audiences.
11 November 1953 – panorama began
11 January 1954 - first in vision weatherman
5th July 1954 - first transmission of Newsreel
Television act 1954 becomes law – introduction of commercial television is given royal assent.
2nd April 1954 - the Grove family - first Soap opera, tried to convey a social representation of the country at that time.1/4 of the U.K's population tuned into this programme.
17th February 1955 - Kitchen magic – Fanny Craddock’s gourmet cooking show.
22 September 1955 – ITV began broadcasting, independent television channel.
1 July 1955 – Montgomery bus boycott – Rosa parks, helped set in motion the US civil rights movement
27th April 1956 - First Ministerial broadcast Anthony Eden
24 May 1956 – first Eurovision
19 February 1957 - first medical drama – first appointment at emergency ward 10.
9th January 1957 - Anthony Eden resigns as prime minister after the Suez crisis
16 October 1958 - first blue peter show broadcasted
2nd April 1958 - People in trouble - programme which focused on social issues within real people's lives, mixed marriages, and unmarried mothers
4 April 1958 - The first CND protests (campaign for nuclear disarmament)
14th June 1958 - black and white minstrel show - now seen as highly racist. However it was extremely popular at that time.
21 march 1959 - Whickers world globe trotting show opening one of the first windows on the world for the British audience
1960s
9th December 1960 - Coronation Street launch. Now the longest running soap drama
25th December 1960 - queen pre-records her first Christmas message, it used to be live.
9 November 1960 - Kennedy elected president, youngest and first Roman Catholic to hold the office
12th April 1961-- first man to go into space Yuri Gagarin
1960 - Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho becomes one of the year’s most successful films
29 April 1961 - ITV goes regional
1st October 1961 - songs of praise first broadcast (religious views) 5th August 1962 - Marilyn Monroe found dead24th September 1962 - university challenge (educational programme) 22nd November 1963 - JFK assassinated1 January 1964 - first top of the pops aired
20th April 1964 - launch of BBC 2, disrupted by power failure.12th June 1964 - nelson Mandela sentenced22nd august 1964 - match of the day launch24th January 1965 - Winston Churchill funeral broadcasted on BBC and ITV
12 June 1965 - Kenneth Tynan swears on a live BBC show, sparked major debate and one mp called for him to be hung.
3rd July 1967 - news at ten extended news on for 1/2 hour on ITV with 2 news casters, adopting a US style
20th July 1969 - Neil Armstrong first man to walk on the moon, broadcasted to millions
9 Feb. 1970 - Doomwatch, environmental science programmed, which lead to debates in parliament
1970s
15 Feb. 1971 - Britain adopts the decimal system
2 October 1971 - generation game begins most watched game show in history and had 23.9 million viewers
30 January 1972 - Bloody Sunday – peaceful civil rights march in Derry descends into chaos, British paratroopers open fire
4 April 1972 - Newsround begins
8 Jan 1973 - Watergate scandal
17 December 1975 - the naked civil servant discussed the persecution of a homosexual, defining moment in the presentation of homosexuals.
8 April 1977 - BBC airs Roots, about the slavery of African Americans, these kind of historical dramas were a signature of 1970s programming.
4 January 1978 - the south bank show, which examined cultural changes.
3 may 1979 - Margaret Thatcher came to power
25 September 1979 - question time began, gave the public the opportunity to question politicians.
2 September 1979 - subtitling began
1980s
30 august 1980 - first time television acknowledged female police officers
21 November 1980 - Children in need, first British telethon
25 November 1981 - Brixton and Toxeth race riots
2 April 1982 - Falkland’s war
2 November 1982 - channel 4 launches
5 march 1984 - miners strike
19 February 1985 - Eastenders first aired
26 February 1987 - women priests accepted in the Church of England.
15 January 1988 - this morning, Britain’s most popular morning show.
5 January 1989 - Desmonds broadcasted on channel 4, shows its multicultural nature
5 February 1989 - sky launches the UK’s first satellite television service
9 November 1989 - Berlin wall comes down
22 November 1990 - Thatcher steps down
30 march 1997 - channel 5 launches
9 November 1997 - news 24 launches
7 December 1998 - ITV 2 launches
23 February 1999 - channel 4 broadcasts queer as folk, deals with gays exclusively.
21 September 1999 - walking with dinosaurs, most costly science BBC programme
2 November 1999 - house of commons is televised
2000s
13 November 2000 - George w bush elected president
11 September 2001 - terrorist attacks
20 November 2002 - channel 4 airs a live autopsy
20 March 2003 - USA enters Iraq
28 January 2004 - Hutton inquiry
26 December 2004 - tsunami
30 January 2005 - Iraqi elections
February 2005 - youtube launched
7 July 2005 - London bomb attacks
30 September 2005 - Danish cartoons published depicting the prophet Muhammad (pbuh), causing much controversy
Tuesday, 18 March 2008
The Godfather (1972) & Goodfellas (1990)
The Godfather (1972)
Basic MIGRAIN:
- begins with a black screen and classic music playing as the nam"e Marlon Brando" appears and an image. "Al Pacino" introduced. Music begins before any name appears or any images - the music sets up a dramatic environment.
Key characters, Brando was already established, and this movie aimed to establish Pacino.
- familial idealogies throughout the trailer - we see images of family, weddings, children and women. The only joyous scene in the movie is a clip of a family wedding.
- "dont ever tell anyone outside the family what your thinking again" - backs up familial ideologies - introduction of violence as its a threat.
- "women and children can be careless, but not men" - sets up a patriarchal thinking, could be linked to familial ideologies as he believes he has to look after and protect the women and children.
- classic music turns into loud typical italian music.
- dark lighting - dark rooms - Brando's office.
- all wearing suits - shows wealth, sophistication, power, well established in whatever they do - capitalist ideologies ?
- we can see that Brando is the dominant figure - most respected.
- Brando is the only one who wears a red handkerchief in his suit - connotes violence and blood - relfective of his lifestyle.
- guns and violence introduced later in the trailer.
- "he'll never fear you" - typical of gangster films.
- we see several relationships - between family and men and women.
- family dinner - again backs up the familial ideologies this trailer establishes - "its my family not me" - loyalty despite orignally disagreeing with this lifestyle.
- kissing of Brandos hand - power, dominance, fear.
Goodfellas (1990)
Basic MIGRAIN:
- unlike the previous film which was tradition based when it came to the gangster lifestyle, this film makes it more about the luxury.
- begins with laughter unlike the Godfather.
- gangster lifestyle is set up to be a childhood dream, to gain wealth and luxury. "Rags to riches" song.
- "always keep your mouth shut" - violence quickly introduced - breaking car windows and blowing up cars as a child.
- large group of men greet the young boy after hes carried out a task - patriarchal ideologies - violence is a form of acceptance by these men.
- quick shots introduce 4 key things in this lifestyle - money, guns, the cross, blood.
- religious reference with the cross - lifestyle associated with italians - catholics.
- stealing of large sums of money and murder seen as casual - part of their lifestyle - accepted the violence and murder.
- "if we wanted something we just took it".
- show a joy in what they do - do not see itsdangerous or take it serious.
- gangster films usually show women as passive and weak under the mans power however here we see a woman confront Liotta's character for standing her up on a date and then holding a gun aimed at his head. She is a strong woman - it is shown that she is a jewish woman - maybe its shown to say if she was italian she would be passive like the other women in such films? only outside women can act this way?
- glamourises the lifestyle whereas the Godfather doesnt look at that aspect of the lifestyle and is more about carrying on for your family.
Related Texts:
- Scarface (1983)
- The Godfather trilogy (1974, 1992)
- One Upon A Time in America (1984)
- Casino (1995)
- Carlito's Way (1993)
SHEP -
- prohibition
- immigration in the early 1990s
- crime development
- poverty
- glamour linked to the gangster lifestyle shown through people such as Al Capone.
Cult of the Celebrity - people such as Al Capone, John Gotti etc. gained alot of importance within society and the media, they glamourised this lifestyle and made it more appealing due to the wealth they had gained. Made it more appealing to watch these types of films and learn about the life.
Moral Panic - during the period the films are set in there was a significant amount of moral panic associated with the gangster way of life, it was a threatening and dangerous thing. We learn through both movies what people outside these links thought and how they feared these people.
Hypodermic Needle Model - some may be influenced by the glamour and money, may want to take part in this kind of life, similiar to Ray Liotta's character in Goodfellas who dreamt of becoming a gangster from a young age.
Similarities & Differences
- The Godfather shows this life as more traditional, it is for the sake of the family, however, Goodfellas shows it more about the luxury and the wealth which comes with this lifestyle.
- Goodfellas has more elements of humour and comedy, the trailer begins with laughter and we see as they bury a body the are making jokes. The Godfather is more serious about these issues.
- Godfather is more family based and traditional however Goodfellas is about these group of men and what they can get out of it all.
- Goodfellas shows more female figures, and establishes one of them as stronger than most women in this film genre.
- Goodfellas glamourises violence and robberies alot more than the Godfather does.
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